Metzora

The 5776 (2015-2016) cycle of Dvar Tzedek is a special one. To commemorate AJWS’s 30th anniversary, we are sharing a selection of some of our favorite commentaries from past years. Each legacy commentary will be introduced with a related reflection on AJWS’s work and contemporary issues.

Introductory Reflection

In her 2009 Dvar Tzedek on Parashat Metzora, author Rachel Farbiarz writes of the purification ritual for those afflicted with tzara’at, a skin disease resulting in “a status of ritual uncleanliness and temporary banishment from Israel’s encampment.” Considered Divine punishment for acts of slander and gossip, tzara’at was perceived as an extremely shameful affliction. And yet, the purification ritual to overcome it demanded intense physical intimacy between the person afflicted, the metzora, and the holy priest. As Rachel writes, by touching the afflicted in order to purify them, this intimacy “underscores the importance of restoring dignity and community to those living with stigmatic disease.”

In her piece, Rachel writes of the stigma, shame and isolation that people living with HIV/AIDS face. Sadly, the recent Ebola epidemic yielded similar results for many survivors. A Liberian woman, Bendu Musah, lost her husband, three children and two siblings to Ebola and nearly died in the streets herself on her way to seek treatment. Yet, when she returned home after surviving the disease against all odds, her neighbors couldn’t contain their fear. “People were not coming around or talking to me at all,” she said. “When they saw me, they ran away from me and started crying.” With help from Trauma Healing and Reconciliation Program (THRP)—one of almost a dozen community-based organizations receiving Ebola relief funding from AJWS—Bendu found the support she needed to grieve and recover. She then began to counsel other survivors in her community to help them overcome the stigma they faced.

Bendu demonstrates the importance of recognizing the humanity in people who suffer from disease—whether it be physical, like Ebola, or spiritual, like tzara’at. As Rachel writes, “At the core of the metzora’s purification ritual is the silent injunction that we are to encounter each other not only as healer and patient, priest and metzora, but as human beings.” Learn more about the important work THRP is doing to combat the stigma of Ebola here, and read Rachel’s piece below.

In this week’s double portion of Tazria-Metzora we read of the purification ritual for the metzora, the unfortunate person struck with tzara’at—a preternatural skin disease that resulted in a status of ritual uncleanliness and temporary banishment from Israel’s encampment. The surprising intimacy of the purification ritual underscores the importance of restoring dignity and community to those living with stigmatic disease.

In the biblical imagination, the metzora occupied a space similar to that of the leper in the popular imagination—one who is isolated and cast-out for a shameful affliction.[1] Although indisputably mistaken, many English editions of the Torah preserve a centuries-old chain of mistranslations that renders tzara’at as “leprosy” and metzora as “leper.”[2] Indeed, some translations of the Torah deliberately preserve this error to imbue our understanding of tzara’at with the dread and fear inevitably conjured by leprosy’s mention. This malevolent portrait of tzara’at is further reinforced by the Rabbis’ reading of the malady as Divine punishment for acts of slander and malicious gossip.[3]

Against this backdrop, the ritual for the metzora’s purification is jarring in the physical intimacy it demands between the priest and the afflicted. After initial rites that permit the metzora to reenter the encampment, the metzora offers sacrifices. From these, the priest “take[s] some of the blood of the guilt offering, and…put[s] it on the ridge of the right ear of him who is being cleansed, and on the thumb of his right hand, and on the big toe of his right foot.” The priest then pours sacrificial oil into his own left palm. Some of this oil he sprinkles “before the Lord.” Some he smears on the metzora over the sacrificial blood. The remnant, he pours onto the metzora’s head.[4]

The intimacy of this ritual emerges clearly when one considers that the priest—who must avoid any contact with ritual uncleanness—himself smears the metzora’s extremities and anoints him with oil. In so doing, he advertises that the metzora retains no impurity, but is instead suitable for an intimate encounter with the holy man. Once the metzora is purified—these rituals seem to say—there is no clinging “taint.” The rite is thus carefully calibrated to remove not just the metzora’s ritual uncleanness, but also to restore his dignity, to eliminate any residual stigma or shame.

This message is further underscored by the ritual’s scriptural context. Similar smearing and anointing appear elsewhere. Aaron’s and his sons’ priestly consecration is marked by Moses smearing sacrificial blood onto their extremities.[5] Saul is transformed from citizen to King when Samuel anoints his head with oil.[6] Just as these rituals confer Divine authority to priests and kings, so too do they confer re-acceptance of the metzora into the Divine community. Indeed, he is not begrudgingly allowed back in, but is honored through the same choreography that dignifies Israel’s priests and kings.

The restoration of dignity and community at this ritual’s heart has palpable ramifications for our response to the global HIV/AIDS crisis. While there certainly has been much progress on this front, the isolation of people living with HIV/AIDS remains a trenchant obstacle decades into the pandemic. Individuals are still abandoned by family and community, left to suffer alone. The ill resist testing because of the stigma that diagnosis brings. And as the pandemic spreads, it imports its shame and isolation anew.[7]

This heart-breaking situation is probably best expressed in the words of Anyo, a Burmese woman living with HIV. She recounts:

My life has been on a downward spiral ever since [I was diagnosed]. Even my closest friends wouldn’t speak to me. I decided to return to my village…to be with my family, but never told them about my condition. Where I live, people…would never accept me and I was afraid of the stigma I would face. In [Burma], learning you are HIV-positive is like receiving a death sentence….[8]

Like Anyo, those living with HIV/AIDS too-often become our modern-day metzoraim, stigmatized by sickness, shamed by affliction and banished from community.

Just as the priest restored the metzora’s dignity through his anointing touch, we have a duty to restore dignity and community to people living with HIV/AIDS—to provide them with more than medicine and clinical treatment. Critical in this effort are those grassroots projects throughout the world—such as those supported by AJWS—that fight discrimination and educate communities to reduce isolation and stigma.

At the core of the metzora’s purification ritual is the silent injunction that we are to encounter each other not only as healer and patient, priest and metzora, but as human beings. Such encounters have the potential to embrace the metzora back into Israel’s encampment, and the individual living with HIV/AIDS into her community—each with dignity, each with humanity, each created b’tzelem elo-him, in the Divine image of God.